CCC Cross Reference:
CCC: 2 Cor 8:1-15 2833; 2 Cor 8:9 517, 1351, 2407, 2546
Mt 5:43-44 1933, 2844; Mt 5:44-45 2303, 2608; Mt 5:44 1825, 1968, 2262; Mt 5:45 2828; Mt 5:46-47 2054; Mt 5:47 1693; Mt 5:48 443, 1693, 1968, 2013, 2842Back to Deacon's Bench '09
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Reading 1
2 Cor 8:1-9
We want you to know, brothers and sisters, of the grace of God
that has been given to the churches of Macedonia,
for in a severe test of affliction,
the abundance of their joy and their profound poverty
overflowed in a wealth of generosity on their part.
For according to their means, I can testify,
and beyond their means, spontaneously,
they begged us insistently for the favor of taking part
in the service to the holy ones,
and this, not as we expected,
but they gave themselves first to the Lord
and to us through the will of God,
so that we urged Titus that, as he had already begun,
he should also complete for you this gracious act also.
Now as you excel in every respect,
in faith, discourse, knowledge, all earnestness,
and in the love we have for you,
may you excel in this gracious act also.
I say this not by way of command,
but to test the genuineness of your love
by your concern for others.
For you know the gracious act of our Lord Jesus Christ,
that for your sake he became poor although he was rich,
so that by his poverty you might become rich.
Responsorial Psalm
Ps 146:2, 5-6ab, 6c- 7, 8-9a
R. (1b) Praise the Lord, my soul!
or:
R. Alleluia.
Praise the Lord, my soul!
I will praise the Lord all my life;
I will sing praise to my God while I live.
R. Praise the Lord, my soul!
or:
R. Alleluia.
Blessed he whose help is the God of Jacob,
whose hope is in the Lord, his God,
Who made heaven and earth,
the sea and all that is in them.
R. Praise the Lord, my soul!
or:
R. Alleluia.
Who keeps faith forever,
secures justice for the oppressed,
gives food to the hungry.
The Lord sets captives free.
R. Praise the Lord, my soul!
or:
R. Alleluia.
The Lord gives sight to the blind.
The Lord raises up those who were bowed down;
the Lord loves the just.
The Lord protects strangers.
R. Praise the Lord, my soul!
or:
R. Alleluia.
Gospel
Mt 5:43-48
Jesus said to his disciples:
“You have heard that it was said,
You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.
But I say to you, love your enemies
and pray for those who persecute you,
that you may be children of your heavenly Father,
for he makes his sun rise on the bad and the good,
and causes rain to fall on the just and the unjust.
For if you love those who love you, what recompense will you have?
Do not the tax collectors do the same?
And if you greet your brothers only,
what is unusual about that?
Do not the pagans do the same?
So be perfect, just as your heavenly Father is perfect.”
Readings from the Jerusalem Bible
First reading 2 Corinthians 8:1 – 9
Now here, brothers, is the news of the grace of God which was given in the churches in Macedonia; and of how, throughout great trials by suffering, their constant cheerfulness and their intense poverty have overflowed in a wealth of generosity. I can swear that they gave not only as much as they could afford, but far more, and quite spontaneously, begging and begging us for the favor of sharing in this service to the saints and, what was quite unexpected, they offered their own selves first to God and, under God, to us.
Because of this, we have asked Titus, since he has already made a beginning, to bring this work of mercy to the same point of success among you. You always have the most of everything – of faith, of eloquence, of understanding, of keenness for any cause, and the biggest share of our affection – so we expect you to put the most into this work of mercy too. It is not an order that I am giving you; I am just testing the genuineness of your love against the keenness of others. Remember how generous the Lord Jesus was: he was rich, but he became poor for your sake, to make you rich out of his poverty.
Responsorial Psalm: Psalm 145(146):2,5-9
My soul, give praise to the Lord.
or
Alleluia!
I will praise the Lord all my days,
make music to my God while I live.
My soul, give praise to the Lord.
or
Alleluia!
He is happy who is helped by Jacob’s God,
whose hope is in the Lord his God,
who alone made heaven and earth,
the seas and all they contain.
My soul, give praise to the Lord.
or
Alleluia!
It is he who keeps faith for ever,
who is just to those who are oppressed.
It is he who gives bread to the hungry,
the Lord, who sets prisoners free.
My soul, give praise to the Lord.
or
Alleluia!
It is the Lord who gives sight to the blind,
who raises up those who are bowed down,
the Lord, who protects the stranger
and upholds the widow and orphan.
My soul, give praise to the Lord.
or
Alleluia!
Gospel Matthew 5:43 – 48
Jesus said, ‘You have learnt how it was said: You must love your neighbor and hate your enemy. But I say this to you: love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you; in this way you will be sons of your Father in heaven, for he causes his sun to rise on bad men as well as good, and his rain to fall on honest and dishonest men alike. For if you love those who love you, what right have you to claim any credit? Even the tax collectors do as much, do they not? And if you save your greetings for your brothers, are you doing anything exceptional? Even the pagans do as much, do they not? You must therefore be perfect just as your heavenly Father is perfect.’
Readings and Commentary from the Navarre Bible
Tuesday of the 11th Week in Ordinary Time
From: 2 Corinthians 8:1-9
The Macedonians' Good Example
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[1] We want you to know, brethren, about the grace of God which has been shown in the churches of Macedonia, [2] for in a severe test of affliction, their abundance of joy and their extreme poverty have overflowed in a wealth of liberality on their part. [3] For they gave according to their means, as I can testify, and beyond their means, of their own free will, [4] begging us earnestly for the favor of taking part in the relief of the saints--[5] and this, not as we expected, but first they gave themselves to the Lord and to us by the will of God. [6] Accordingly we have urged Titus that as he had already made a beginning, he should also complete among you this gracious work.
Appeal for Generosity
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[7] Now as you excel in everything--in faith, in utterance, in knowledge, in all earnestness, and in your love for us see that you excel in this gracious work also.
[8] I say this not as a command, but to prove by the earnestness of others that your love also is genuine. [9] For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, so that by his poverty you might become rich.
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Commentary:
8:1-9:15. Now, taking for granted that the Corinthians trust him once more, the Apostle begins the second part of his letter (chaps. 8-9), which has to do with the collection for the faithful in Jerusalem, a collection which he organized not only in Corinth but also in the other churches he had founded (cf. Rom 15:26; 1 Cor 16:1). This was indeed one of the points about which the apostolic council at Jerusalem (cf. Gal 2:10; Acts 15) reminded the churches to remember the poor, something St Paul always tried to do, as we can see clearly from these pages.
In addition to alleviating the material needs of the "saints"--that is, the Christians (cf. 1:1)--of the mother church, the Apostle sees this collection as a way of showing the fraternal unity Gentile converts have with that church (cf. 9:12-14).
He had already taken this matter up in 1 Corinthians 16:1-4; in fact, even before that, a year earlier, the Corinthians had indicated that they wanted to help Jerusalem and had begun to collect funds (cf. 8:10; 9:2). He must be bringing it up again -- and at length -- because the fervor of the Corinthians' first charity must have cooled somewhat due to the crisis in the Corinthian church.
It is interesting to note how delicately the Apostle broaches this subject: in the original text there is no mention of "money" or "alms". Instead, he uses more a spiritual vocabulary--"grace", "willing gift", "love", "relief of the saints".
St Paul begins by citing the generosity of the Macedonians (8:1-6), and he then goes on to appeal to the Corinthians (8:7-15). After recommending those whom he is sending to organize the collection (8:16-24), he asks that it be done without delay (9:1-5) and reminds them of the blessings that almsgiving brings (9:6-15).
1-15. St Paul wants to get the Corinthians to be generous. First, he points to the example given by the Macedonians (vv. 1-6). Macedonia was one of the two provinces into which the Romans had divided Greece; Achaia, the other, had Corinth as its capital (cf. note on 1:1-2). In Macedonia, from where the Apostle is writing, there were Christian communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, and Beroea, which he had founded during his second missionary journey (cf. Acts 16:17:15). He plays on the natural rivalry between the two provinces, raising it onto a supernatural plane. He also mentions our Lord (v. 9), who, in his Incarnation and throughout his life, gave us a wonderful example of generosity and detachment.
The Apostle also appeals directly to the Corinthians, reminding them of their earlier readiness to contribute and encouraging them to complete what they started to do so eagerly.
1-6. The Macedonians, he points out, have been remarkably generous; despite their poverty they have regarded it as a grace to be able to help their brothers in the faith (v. 4); and not only did they help materially--and beyond their means (vv. 3, 5)--but they also contributed personnel (v. 5).
These Christians in Macedonia provide us with a fine example of magnanimity: they could easily have felt excused from coming to the aid of their brothers, in view of their own poverty; instead they were more than generous in almsgiving. "Magnanimity", St. Escriva teaches, "means greatness of spirit, a largeness of heart wherein many can find refuge. Magnanimity gives us the energy to break out of ourselves and be prepared to undertake generous tasks which will be of benefit to all. Small-mindedness has no home in the magnanimous heart, nor has meanness, nor egoistic calculation, nor self-interested trickery. The magnanimous person devotes all his strength, unstintingly, to what is worthwhile. As a result he is capable of giving himself. He is not content with merely giving. He gives his very self. He thus comes to understand that the greatest expression of magnanimity consists in giving oneself to God" ("Friends of God", 80).
1. "The grace of God which has been shown in the churches of Macedonia": it is not possible to translate this phrase literally. St Paul seems to be saying two things: on the one hand, he is referring to the collection, which he calls "grace", made by the churches of Macedonia; but this generous work of charity is, at the same time, a grace of God to the Macedonians. The Greek preposition translated as "in" has this dual meaning.
The term "grace" appears quite often in chapters 8 and 9, with different nuances: sometimes it refers to God's benevolence and love towards men (cf. 8:9); sometimes to the blessings the Christians enjoy (cf. 9:8, 14); and also to the works of charity which this divine grace helps them to carry out (cf. 8:1, 4, 6, 7, 19: on some occasions RSV has "favor").
2. St Paul stresses the paradox of the Christian life--joy in tribulation, wealth in poverty (cf. 7:4). This point would possibly have been useful for the Corinthians, among whom the pride of some had given rise to considerable dissension (cf. 1 Cor 1:10-4:21; 6:1-11; 8:8-13). The afflictions to which he refers may have gone back to the very earliest days of these communities (cf. Acts 16:20ff; 17:5ff). He also refers to them in 1 Thess 1:6; 2:14ff.
5. The wonderful generosity of those early Christians of Macedonia--of Philippi, Thessalonica and Beroea -- is borne out by the fact that they gave not only material aid but their very selves, for, comments St Thomas Aquinas, "that is the order that should obtain in giving -- that ne first be acceptable to God, for if one is not pleasing to God, neither will one's gifts be acceptable" ("Commentary on 2 Cor, ad loc.").
In referring to the generous dedication of these Christians, St Paul may have in mind of some his most loyal co-workers, who came from these communities --for example, Lydia and Epaphroditus, from Philippi (cf. Acts 16:11ff; Phil 2:25ff); Sopater, from Beroea; Aristarchus and Secundus, from Thessalonica (cf. Acts 20:3-5).
7-15. The Apostle now appeals directly to the generosity of the Corinthians and reminds them of our Lord's example (v. 9). They are already noted for other charisms -- "in faith, in utterance, in knowledge" (cf. 1 Cor 1:5; 12:8f); now they should be seen to be outstanding in charity. He tells them this is not a command but rather advice (vv. 8, 10) and then encourages them to complete the collection they have begun; it is not designed to impoverish them but to have them help those in need.
7. "In your love for us": the New Vulgate, which relies on the best Greek manuscripts, translates this as "in the love that we have given you". St Paul is referring to Christian charity towards others, in which he formed them during the years when he preached to them. The variant, found in RSV and other versions, is not in our opinion as suitable to the context.
8. "By the earnestness of others": this must be a reference to the generosity of the Macedonians, whose example he has just proposed to them.
9. Jesus Christ is the example of detachment and generosity. Our Lord, because he is God, was in need of nothing; but by becoming man he voluntarily despoiled himself of the splendor of his divinity (cf. Phil 2:6f) and lived on earth as a poor man--from his birth in poverty in Bethlehem to his death on the cross; sometimes he did not even have the bare necessities of life (cf. Lk 9:58).
"If you do not believe that poverty is enriching," St John Chrysostom comments, "picture your Lord and you will doubt me no longer. For had he not become poor, you could not have become rich. By a miracle which men cannot understand, poverty has produced these riches--the knowledge of God and godliness, liberation from sin, justification, sanctification, the countless good things which he has bestowed on us and will bestow on us in the future. All those things have accrued to us through his poverty -- through his taking our flesh and becoming man and suffering what he suffered. And yet, unlike us, he did not deserve punishment and suffering" ("Hom. on 2 Cor.", 17)
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From: Matthew 5:43-48
Jesus and His Teaching, the Fulfillment of the Law (Continuation)
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(Jesus said to His disciples,) [43] "You have heard that it was said, 'You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' [44] But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. [45] So that you may be sons of your Father who is in Heaven; for He makes His sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. [46] For if you love those who love you, what reward have you? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? [47] And if you salute only your brethren, what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same? [48] You, therefore, must be perfect, as your Heavenly Father is perfect."
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Commentary:
43. The first part of this verse -- "You shall love your neighbor" -- is to be found in Leviticus 19:18. The second part -- "hate your enemy" - -is not to be found in the Law of Moses. However, Jesus' words refer to a widespread rabbinical interpretation which understood "neighbors" as meaning "Israelites". Our Lord corrects this misinterpretation of the Law: for Him everyone is our neighbor (cf. the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke 10:25-37).
43-47. This passage sums up the teaching which precedes it. Our Lord goes so far as to say that a Christian has no personal enemies. His only enemy is evil as such -- sin -- but not the sinner. Jesus Himself puts this into practice with those who crucified Him, and He continues to act in the same way towards sinners who rebel against Him and despise Him. Consequently, the saints have always followed His example -- like St. Stephen, the first martyr, who prayed for those who were putting him to death. This is the apex of Christian perfection -- to love, and pray for, even those who persecute us and calumniate us. It is the distinguishing mark of the children of God.
46. "Tax collectors": the Roman empire had no officials of its own for the collection of taxes: in each country it used local people for this purpose. These were free to engage agents (hence we find reference to "chief tax collectors": cf. Luke 19:2). The global amount of tax for each region was specified by the Roman authorities; the tax collectors levied more than this amount, keeping the surplus for themselves: this led them to act rather arbitrarily, which was why the people hated them. In the case of the Jews, insult was added to injury by the fact that the chosen people were being exploited by Gentiles.
48. Verse 48 is, in a sense, a summary of the teaching in this entire chapter, including the Beatitudes. Strictly speaking, it is quite impossible for a created being to be as perfect as God. What our Lord means here is that God's own perfection should be the model which every faithful Christian tries to follow, even though he realizes that there is an infinite distance between himself and his Creator. However, this does not reduce the force of this commandment; it sheds more light on it. It is a difficult commandment to live up to, but along with this we must take account of the enormous help grace gives us to go so far as to tend towards divine perfection. Certainly, perfection which we should imitate does not refer to the power and wisdom of God, which are totally beyond our scope; here the context seems to refer primarily to love and mercy. Along the same lines, St. Luke quotes these words of our Lord: "Be merciful, even as your Father is merciful" (Luke 6:36; cf. note on Luke 6:20-49).
Clearly, the "universal call to holiness" is not a recommendation but a commandment of Jesus Christ.
"Your duty is to sanctify yourself. Yes, even you. Who thinks that this task is only for priests and religious? To everyone, without exception, our Lord said: 'Be ye perfect, as My Heavenly Father is perfect'" (St. J. Escriva, "The Way", 291). This teaching is sanctioned by chapter 5 of Vatican II's Constitution "Lumen Gentium", where it says (40): "The Lord Jesus, divine teacher and model of all perfection, preached holiness of life (of which He is the author and maker) to each and every one of His disciples without distinction:'You, therefore, must be perfect, as your Heavenly Father is perfect' [...]. It is therefore quite clear that all Christians in any state or walk of life are called to the fullness of Christian life and to the perfection of love, and by this holiness a more human manner of life is fostered also in earthly society."
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Source: "The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries". Biblical text from the Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and by Scepter Publishers in the United States. We encourage readers to purchase The Navarre Bible for personal study. See Scepter Publishers for details.
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